Section 1 Functional Anatomy of the Head
Learning objectives
Upon completion of this course content, the student will be able to:
- Readily identify palpable boney landmarks of the head
- Localize the superficial muscles of the head and describe their relative functions in horses
- Describe the basic innervation patterns of nerves that provide sensory and motor functions to the superficial structures of the head
- Discuss the function of the hyoid apparatus and the role of the associated hyoid articulations
- Describe the unique articular features of the temporomandibular joint in horses
- Evaluate the occlusal surfaces of the dental arcade in horses
- Discuss the effects of dentition on the temporomandibular joint
Clips
- Introduction
- Skull
- Temporomandibular joint
- Hyoid apparatus
- Muscles of the head
- Cervical muscles to the head
- Vasculature and innervation of the head
Section 2 Spinal Biomechanics: Temporomandibular Joint & Hyoid Apparatus
Learning objectives
Upon completion of this course content, the student will be able to:
- Describe the movement patterns of the mandible during mastication
- List the muscles that contribute to mandibular motion and explain their relative roles during mouth opening and closing
- Predict the effect of the dental occlusive surfaces on active and passive mandibular motion
- Describe the role of the hyoid apparatus in respiration, swallowing, and vocalization
- Discuss the intent for using of tongue ties and their reported biomechanical effects in horses
- Evaluate the potential helpful and harmful effects of tack on the head and mandible
Clips
- Introduction
- Temporomandibular joint biomechanics
- Dental morphology
- Dental influences on mandibular motion
- Bit and bridle biomechanics
Section 3 Pathology of the Head Region
Learning objectives
Upon completion of this course content, the student will be able to:
- Describe disorders affecting the temporomandibular joint and hyoid apparatus
- Provide a diagnostic approach for assessing masticatory muscle disorders
- Discuss the role of pain, stiffness, and soft tissue swelling associated with temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis
- Explain the pathogenesis of temporohyoid osteoarthropathy
- Provide a diagnostic approach for identifying facial nerve paralysis
- Describe the pathogenesis of vestibular deficits associated with temporohyoid osteoarthropathy
- Discuss the role otitis in the possible development of temporohyoid osteoarthropathy
- Describe the clinical effects of dental overgrowth, malocclusion, and altered occlusal surfaces
- Discuss how dental disorders relate to mandibular mobility
- Explain the pathogenesis of basilar skull fractures
Clips
- Introduction
- Myositis
- Temporomandibular joint pathology
- Dental disorders and temporomandibular joint
- Temporohyoid osteoarthropathy
- Otitis
- Basilar skull fractures
Section 4 Evaluation of the Head Region
Learning objectives
Upon completion of this course content, the student will be able to:
- Outline the functional features of the head in horses
- Discuss the purpose and clinical value of static and dynamic observation of behaviors and functions localized to the head
- Describe a structured approach for evaluating temporomandibular joint pain and dysfunction
- Explain the clinical relevance and differences in active and passive joint motion of the temporomandibular joint and hyoid apparatus
- Describe the clinical features of temporohyoid osteoarthropathy
- Outline the neurologic deficits associated with temporohyoid osteoarthropathy
- Discuss the indications and specific value of different diagnostic imaging procedures of the head
Clips
- Introduction
- Static and dynamic observation of the head
- Soft tissue and bony palpation of the head
- Temporomandibular joint and hyoid mobility
- Neurologic examination of the head
- Diagnostic imaging of the head
Section 5 Treatment Options: Hyoid and Temporomandibular Joint Pain and Dysfunction
Learning objectives
Upon completion of this course content, the student will be able to:
- Describe conservative approaches for managing temporomandibular joint pain and dysfunction in horses
- Outline medical and surgical approaches for addressing temporohyoid osteoarthropathy
- Discuss the role of acupuncture in managing neurologic deficits and head shaking
- Identify primary rehabilitation issues and provide treatment options based on the specific needs of an individual horse
- Safely and effectively perform joint mobilization of the mandible and hyoid apparatus
- Discuss treatment options for managing trigeminal nerve sensitization
- Outline treatment options for correcting dental overgrowth and malocclusion
- Discuss tack-related issues that may induce pain and restrict mandibular mobility
- Outline surgical options for managing severe temporomandibular joint disease
Clips
- Introduction
- TMJ & hyoid treatment options: Literature review
- Acupuncture of the head
- Hyoid apparatus mobilization
- Medical and surgical treatment: Temporohyoid osteoarthopathy
- Mandibular mobilization: Dental-related issues
- Mandibular mobilization: Temporomandibular joint
- Medical and surgical treatment: Temporomandibular joint
